Technology Readiness Profiling of SMEs With K-Means Clustering in Bandung, Indonesia
Technology Readiness Profiling of SMEs With K-Means Clustering in Bandung, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58268/eb.v4i2.221Keywords:
Technology Readiness Level, Technology Readiness Index, SMEs, Entrepreneurship, K-Means Clustering, Bandung.Abstract
This study profiles and segments the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Greater Bandung, Indonesia, using the Technology Readiness Index (TRI) framework. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey was conducted with 171 SME owners across Bandung City, Cimahi City, Bandung Regency, West Bandung Regency, and Sumedang Regency. The TRI framework comprises four dimensions: optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity. Data analysis was carried out in two stages: descriptive statistics to examine the overall pattern of technology readiness, and K-Means clustering to identify distinct TRL profiles among SMEs.
The K-Means analysis revealed three readiness clusters: High Readiness (34.5%), characterised by high optimism and innovativeness with extensive technology adoption; Moderate Readiness (41.5%), showing partial digital integration and moderate confidence; and Low Readiness (24.0%), dominated by high discomfort and insecurity. One-way ANOVA confirmed significant differences in TRL scores across clusters (p < 0.001).
The findings indicate that SME readiness is heterogeneous even within a single metropolitan area, requiring differentiated policy approaches. High readiness SMEs may benefit from advanced digital ecosystem integration, moderate readiness firms need targeted capacity building, and low readiness firms require foundational digital literacy support. The use of K-Means profiling provides a practical and replicable approach for identifying readiness patterns in diverse contexts. This study contributes to the literature on digital adoption in developing economies and offers actionable insights for policymakers and industry stakeholders in designing targeted digitalisation programs.
Keywords: Technology Readiness Level, Technology Readiness Index, SMEs, Entrepreneurship, K-Means Clustering, Bandung.
References
Astuti, N. C., & Nasution, R. A. (2014). Technology readiness and E-commerce adoption among entrepreneurs of SMEs in Bandung city, Indonesia. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 16(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5468
Blut, M., & Wang, C. (2020). Technology readiness: a meta-analysis of conceptualizations of the construct and its impact on technology usage. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(4), 649–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00680-8
Fachrunnisa, O., Adhiatma, A., & ... (2020). Towards SMEs’ digital transformation: The role of agile leadership and strategic flexibility. In … Business Strategy. jsbs.scholasticahq.com. https://jsbs.scholasticahq.com/article/26349.pdf
Ferreira, J., & Coelho, A. (2020). Dynamic capabilities, innovation and branding capabilities and their impact on competitive advantage and SME’s performance in Portugal: the moderating effects of …. International Journal of Innovation Science. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-10-2018-0108
Khanzode, A. G., Sarma, P. R. S., Mangla, S. K., & ... (2021). Modeling the Industry 4.0 adoption for sustainable production in Micro, Small &Medium Enterprises. Journal of Cleaner …. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652620335344
Napitupulu, D. B. (2017). Clustering SMEs Based on Technology Readiness using K-Means Algorithm. Jurnal Penelitian Pos Dan Informatika, 7(2), 97. https://doi.org/10.17933/jppi.2017.070202
Napitupulu, D., Syafrullah, M., Rahim, R., & ... (2018). Analysis of user readiness toward ICT usage at small medium enterprise in south tangerang. Journal of Physics …. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1007/1/012042
Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology Readiness Index (TRI) A Multiple-Item Scale to Measure Readiness to Embrace New Technologies. In Journal of Service Research (Vol. 2, Issue 4).
Pirola, F., Cimini, C., & Pinto, R. (2020). Digital readiness assessment of Italian SMEs: a case-study research. Journal of Manufacturing Technology …. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-09-2018-0305
Priambodo, I. T., Sasmoko, S., & ... (2021). E-Commerce readiness of creative industry during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian …. https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202106438543586.page
Qosasi, A., Maulina, E., Purnomo, M., & ... (2019). The impact of information and communication technology capability on the competitive advantage of small businesses. In … of Technology. ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id. https://ijtech.eng.ui.ac.id/article/view/2332
saad, M. H., Hagelaar, G., van der Velde, G., & Omta, S. W. F. (2021). Conceptualization of SMEs’ business resilience: A systematic literature review. Cogent Business and Management, 8(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2021.1938347
Salazar, G. (2021). Technology Readiness Level as the Foundation of Human Readiness Level. Ergonomics in Design, 29(4), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/10648046211020527
Seva, R. R., Tan, A. L. S., Tejero, L. M. S., & Salvacion, M. L. D. S. (2023). Multi-dimensional readiness assessment of medical devices. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 24(2), 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2022.2064934
Zalite, G. G., & Zvirbule, A. (2020). Digital readiness and competitiveness of the EU higher education institutions: The COVID-19 pandemic impact. Emerging Science Journal. https://www.ijournalse.org/index.php/ESJ/article/view/340
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 RESANTI LESTARI, Fitri Lestari, Nessa Deragia Saptiyanto, Chasano daffansyah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
